jeecpjournal

Today, the most of the oil reservoirs are in their second half of life, and most of their oil has been mined while still, over 50% of the oil remains in the reservoir, which cannot be produced on their own. For this reason, to produce the remaining oil, chemical oil recovery methods can be used, including smart water (engineering water) injection, which can be used for improving the oil recovery process. The main mechanism is mainly the change in the wettability of the reservoir rock to water-wet and reduction of oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) to some extent. The smart water formulated, the single and binary systems preparation method is divided into two groups: in the first group salts (single systems) such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, CaSO₄, and K₂SO₄ are made each individually at concentrations of 1,000,2,000,4,000 and 10,000 ppm. For the second group (binary systems), the investigated salts divided into two parts of chlorates and sulphates then combine each of the chlorate salts with different sulphates ions with equal ratios (1,000+1,000, 2,000+2,000, 4,000+4,000, and 10,000+10,000 ppm) in distilled water. Then, the effects of the dissolution of these salts on interfacial tension and contact angle between water, oil, sandstone, and carbonate rocks were studied. The optimum point for the solution of CaSO₄+MgCl₂ at the concentration of 4,000+4,000 ppm for both sandstone and carbonate rock were obtained. Finally, the optimum point was used for the flooding test and the result of flooding test for the carbonate rock reduces the OOIP up to 51.9%, and for the sandstone rock, the reduction is 60.2%.

Global concerns about climate change have increasingly drawn the attention of the banking industry to environmental performance. In this context, the concept of Green Banking has emerged as a key strategy for mitigating negative environmental impacts and promoting investment in sustainable development projects. Given its central role in achieving environmental sustainability, green banking has become one of the main priorities in the policies of financial institutions. This study aims to evaluate the environmental performance of banks in the context of sustainable development. The research employs an analytical-descriptive method based on content analysis, combined with semi-structured interviews with 25 experts in the fields of economics, banking, and environmental science. Additionally, Expert Choice 11 software was used to support the analysis. The study focuses on both domestic banks (Parsian Bank, Tejarat Bank, Mellat Bank, Cooperatives Development Bank, and especially Bank Melli Iran) and international banks (Triodos Bank, NatWest, BNP Paribas, and GLS Bank). The findings indicate that by adopting green strategies and advancing sustainable financial services, Bank Melli can not only enhance its environmental performance but also attract new customers and boost its brand reputation. This requires the development of systems for assessing the risk of environmental project performance, allocating resources to green projects, and designing and offering green financial products. Furthermore, collaboration with other institutions and non-governmental organizations can significantly contribute to the promotion of green banking and foster innovation within the industry. Ultimately, this research offers recommendations to strengthen Bank Melli's role in environmental preservation and advance sustainable development goals.